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发表于 2009-06-27 09:29 |显示全部

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韩熠1±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥
王跟民2±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

（ 1.陕西交通技术咨询有限公司，陕西西安 710068；±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

2.陕西省林业勘察设计院，陕西西安 710082；）±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

［摘要］本文概略分析了影响隧道视距的因素，计算了隧道横净距，建立了隧道视距曲线半径的概念，提出了隧道线形设计和改善交通安全的建议。
［关键词］隧道横净距视距半径加宽
1、视距影响因素及隧道建筑限界
公路隧道几何设计、车辆几何尺寸、驾驶员、照明及自然环境、交通组成等因素，均影响隧道视距，几何设计主要包括隧道建筑限界、内轮廓、平纵线形、路拱等。为便于讨论，依据《公路工程技术标准》（JTG B01-2003）、《公路隧道设计规范》（JTG D70-2004）和《公路项目安全性评价指南》（JTG B05-2004）（分别简称《标准》、《规范》、《指南》），限定相关边界。高速公路和一级公路隧道建筑限界及横断面组成尺寸见表1，二级以下公路隧道建筑限界及横断面组成尺寸见表2。

表1±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥
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高速、一级公路隧道建筑限界横断面组成一览表（单位：米）±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

序号±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

设计速度（km/h）±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

车道宽度W±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

侧向宽度L±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

最小检修道J±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

建筑限界净空±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

左侧LL±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

右侧LR±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

左侧±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

右侧±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

净宽±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

净高±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

1±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

120±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

3.75×2±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

0.75 ±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

1.25 ±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

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5.00 ±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

2±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

100±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

3.75×2±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

0.50 ±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

1.00 ±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

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9.75 ±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

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表2±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥
二级以下等级公路隧道建筑限界横断面组成一览表（单位：米）±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

序号±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

设计速度（km/h）±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

车道宽度W±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

侧向宽度L±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

最小人行道J±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

建筑限界净空±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

左侧LL±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

右侧LR±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

左侧±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

右侧±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

净宽±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

净高±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

1±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

80二级±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

3.75×2±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

0.75 ±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

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5.00 ±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

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3.50×2±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

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5.00 ±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

3±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

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3.50×2±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

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4.50 ±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

5±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

30三级±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

3.25×2±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

0.25 ±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

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4.50 ±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

6±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

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二级公路设计速度为80和60公里/小时，隧道内人行道（兼检修道）最小宽度为1.0米，净宽分别为11米和10米，大于《标准》中最小规定值，本文采用《规范》规定值；四级公路，隧道建筑限界净宽为7.0米，小于《标准》规定最小值，本文采用《标准》7.5米的建筑限界。
2、标准车型与视距
计算车型分别选择小客车和货车，小客车宽度B为1.8米，货车宽度B为2.5米，驾驶员位于车辆左侧0.5米处。前方障碍物高均为0.1米。停车视距以小客车为标准，目高为1.2米，自驾驶员发现障碍物起，至车辆在障碍物前安全停止，所需的最短行车距离即为小客车停车视距，简称停车视距。计算货车停车视距时，驾驶员目高为2.0米。若运行速度大小与设计速度相等，依据《标准》和《指南》规定，停车视距和货车停车视距规定见表3和表4所示。

表3±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥
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高速、一级公路停车视距及货车停车视距（单位：米）±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

序号±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

设计速度±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

标准停车视距±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

指南停车视距±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

标准货车±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

停车视距±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

指南货车±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

停车视距±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

《标准》修正停车货车视距±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

3％±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

4％±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

5%±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

6%±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

7％±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

8％±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

9％±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

1±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

120±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

210±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

280±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

245±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

417±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

265±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

273±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

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100±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

160±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

205±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

180±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

301±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

190±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

195±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

200±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

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3±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

80±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

110±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

140±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

125±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

202±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

130±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

132±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

136±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

139±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

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75±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

90±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

85±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

120±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

89±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

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表4

二、三、四级公路停车视距及货车停车视距（单位：米）

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《指南》修正了货车停车视距，纵坡大于2％，半径小于400米路段，应核查修正。上坡路段可以减小货车停车视距，下坡路段必须增大货车停车视距。
3、公路隧道横净距
当检修道（人行道，下同）高度大于0.1米，或检修道高度影响视线时，横净距（m1）应计算到检修道边缘；当隧道内壁布设有关设施影响视线时，横净距(m2)应计算至建筑限界边缘处；当隧道内壁未布设隧道设施或不影响视线时，横净距(m3)可计算至隧道内轮廓处。无论车辆在那个车道行驶，均假定车辆行驶轨迹与车道中心线重合，并假定视高处建筑限界至内轮廓距离为0.25米。依行驶方向为准，左转弯曲线隧道应计算左车道横净距，右转弯曲线应计算右车道横净距。
左车道横净距m＝(W/2－B)/2＋0.5＋L左[＋J左＋0.25]
………………………3-1
右车道横净距m＝(W/2＋B)/2－0.5＋L右[＋J右＋0.25]
………………………3-2
隧道提供的最大横净距计算结果见表5。左侧车道横净距小于右侧车道横净距，左转弯曲线隧道较右转弯曲线隧道不利于安全；左转弯隧道，为小客车提供的横净距大于为货车提供的横净距；右转弯曲线隧道，为小客车提供的横净距小于为货车提供的横净距。
表5

公路隧道提供的最大横净距（单位：m）

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4、隧道视距平曲线半径
假定曲线隧道位于同一曲率半径的圆曲线上，曲率半径与视距、横净距的关系式为：
　……………………………4-1
式中： —实际横净距，米；
—计算车道中线处的曲线半径，米；
—（货车）停车视距，米。
依据cosα＝1－α2/2！＋α4/4！－……+(-1)nα2n/(2n)!，由公式4-1推导简化公式得4-2，可直接计算平曲线半径。两公式计算很相近，后者比前者一般大0.3～0.5米，误差可以忽略。
………………………………………4-2
隧道提供横净距越小，要求平曲线半径越大，比照路线规范，视距采用《标准》规定视距，可将检修道（m1）对应的曲率半径R1定义为隧道安全视距半径，将建筑限界(m2)对应曲率半径R2定义为隧道一般视距半径，将隧道内轮廓(m3)对应的曲率半径R3定义为隧道最小视距半径。
高速公路、一级公路为分离式单向行驶，只需考虑制动停车视距。双向行驶的二、三、四级公路，隧道路段一般禁止超车，也只考虑停车视距。表6显示货车视距半径一般大于小客车视距半径，拟定隧道曲线半径时，应采用货车视距曲线半径，但应区分左、右转弯曲线。同时考虑《指南》视距要求，确定隧道线形时，应参照表7拟定平面参数。

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表7

公路隧道视距平曲线半径建议值（单位：m）

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5、隧道断面加宽
隧道平曲线半径小于最小视距半径R3时，应采取措施加大隧道横净距。若线形改善困难时，应加大隧道断面尺寸或调整断面布设。若按《规范》设置了超高值不大于4%的平曲线，右转弯隧道横净距均满足视距要求，左转弯隧道应加大左侧横净距，加宽参考值见表8所示。表中0.55和1.65分别为80和100公里/小时的最大加宽值。

表8
曲线隧道横净距加宽参考表 （单位：米）

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0±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

0.25±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

0.5±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

0.75（0.55）±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

1.00±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

1.25±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

1.5±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

1.75（1.65）±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

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2615±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

2400±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

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1545±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

1410±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

1300±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

1200±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

1120±£Î 3Óbbs.3c3t.comºÆÎ¦¤T¥

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6、纵坡路段视距平曲线半径
前面计算的平曲线视距半径，应为路线纵坡小于2%的视距平曲线半径。当行驶方向为上坡时，有助于车辆制动，当行驶方向为下坡时，加大了制动距离。《标准》修正了3％、4％、5％、6％的下坡路段货车停车视距，《指南》修正了2％、4％、6％的上、下坡货车停车视距。暂且只讨论高速公路和一级公路，且线性增加不同坡度修正值，不考虑路线上坡影响。下坡路段货车停车视距修正值见表9所示。依据《标准》和《指南》修正视距计算出的视距半径见表10和表11所示。
表 9

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纵坡路段货车停车视距修正值（单位：米）

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表10
《标准》纵坡修正后的视距半径表

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表11
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7、竖曲线视距半径
视距为竖曲线上的一段圆弧，视点（眼睛）与障碍物顶部的直线距离，可简称为视线距离，因竖曲线半径一般很大，往往是平曲线的很多倍，可以认为视距与视线距离相等。凸型竖曲线可能成为视线障碍，凹型竖曲线可能成为车灯的障碍，设置照明的隧道可不考虑凹型竖曲线的影响。
设眼睛视点高度为a，障碍物高度为b，经求证竖曲线的视距半径计算公式为6-1。《规范》货车竖曲线视距半径小于小客车半径，小客车视距半径多数大于路线极限最小竖曲线半径，小于路线一般最小半径；但《指南》小客车视距半径小于货车视距半径，货车视距半径大于路线一般最小半径。

R竖=(S / (a0.5+b0.5))2/ 2----------------6-1
为了便于运用，对于标准车型小客车、货车可分别简化为6-2和6-3近视计算公式：

R小=S2 / 4---------------6-2

R货=S2 / 6---------------6-3
8、结语
综上所述，隧道横净距越小，要求最小平曲线半径越大；单向双车道隧道，左车道横净距小于右车道横净距；依据车辆行驶方向，左转弯隧道的横净距小于右转弯隧道；无论左转或是右转，视距曲线半径均由货车控制。现行规范规定隧道左侧路缘带宽度小于右侧路缘带宽度，适应了驾驶行为，但不利于保证曲线隧道路段的视距要求，应给与关注。隧道曲线半径应尽可能大于R2。当隧道曲线半径大于安全视距半径R1时，可不考虑其它因素对视距的影响；当曲线半径小于安全视距半径R1时，应检查纵坡对视距的影响，并控制检修道高度；当小于R2时，应同时检查隧道内部设施对视距的影响；当小于R3时，应优先考虑加大平曲线半径，或加宽隧道左侧横净距。《指南》加大了视距要求，依据隧道路段驾驶习惯，山区高速公路的中、短隧道可不考虑《指南》提高要求，特长、长隧道曲线半径，宜采用《指南》对应的视距曲线半径。
限于水平，平面线形、平纵组合等因素未讨论，且文中难免有不妥之处，敬请批评指正。
参考文献
[1]中华人民共和国交通部.公路工程技术标准（JTGB01—2003）.北京.人民交通出版社.2004.
[2]中华人民共和国交通部.公路隧道设计规范（JTGD70—2004）.北京.人民交通出版社.2004.
[3]中华人民共和国交通部.公路项目安全性评价指南（JTG/TB05—2004）.北京.人民交通出版社.2005.
[4]中华人民共和国交通部.公路路线设计规范（JTG D20—2006）.北京.人民交通出版社.2007.
[5]中华人民共和国交通部.公路路线设计规范（JTJ 011—94）.北京.人民交通出版社.1995.
作者简介：
1、
韩熠：工作单位：陕西交通技术咨询有限公司，同济大学道路工程专业，本科，高级工程师，总经理。联系方式：西安市含光北路110号，陕西交通技术咨询有限公司，电话：(029)88423020。
2、
王跟民：陕西省林业勘察设计院公路分院，工程师。

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