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[公路] 岩土材料变形特性的检测的意义 [复制链接]

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  • 2015-06-19
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发表于 2015-06-19 14:26 |只看楼主
岩土材料变形特性的检测的意义简略语FBT：Falling Ball Test method，落球检测技术&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶
SBT：Striking Ball Test method，打球检测技术&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶
PFWD：手持式落锤弯沉仪&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶
Evd：动态弹性模量测试仪&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶
RI:  核子密度水分仪&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶
术语落球检测技术： 通过测量落下球体与路基、路床材料间的碰撞过程，从而推算材料的力学特性（主要包括压缩变形模量、回弹变形模量、以及推算的弯沉等力学指标）的技术；&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶
打球检测技术： 其基本原理与落球检测技术相似，所不同的是采用人工打击的方式代替球体的自由落下。由于其碰撞时的速度是通过反算得出、因此其一般用于弹性材料（如岩石、混凝土）的变形特性检测；&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶
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概述&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶
在填方工程中，岩土材料力学特性（包括刚性特性及强度特性）是其最为重要的力学指标。同时，由于岩土材料的力学特性受到很多因素的影响，如材料种类，级配，含水量，密度，碾压方式等，长期以来一直寻求一种能够现场测试岩土材料力学特性的简便可靠的方法。特别是近年来，随着高速铁路，高速道路的迅猛发展，对填方工程的质量要求日益严格。&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶
我们从1999年起，与海内外合作伙伴一道，开发了以落球式材料力学特性测试技术（简称“落球检测技术”）为核心的岩土材料力学特性的现场测试技术。该技术不仅可以快速、简便地测出材料的刚性（如压缩模量、回弹模量、地基系数等），而且可以同时测出材料的强度指标（如内部摩擦角等、水泥稳定土的抗压强度等），具有极其广阔的应用领域。&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶
我们具有相关技术的全部知识产权，并申请和获得了多项国家发明专利，产品出口到日本等海外。&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

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岩土材料变形特性的检测&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶
测试的意义和现状&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶
测试的意义填方工程往往是道路、桥梁、铁路、水利、市政等各式工程的安全基础，也是各类基础建设的基础，填方工程的质量关系到整个工程的质量、进度、安全等，科学、合理的监控测试方法是保证填方工程施工的重要措施。特别是近年来，随着高速铁路，高速公路的迅猛发展，对填方工程的质量要求日益严格，对现场测试、施工过程控制等的需求也日益广泛。填方工程的质量往往是通过岩土材料力学指标监督控制，岩土材料力学特性（包括刚性特性及强度特性）是其最为重要的力学指标。同时，由于岩土材料的力学特性受到很多因素的影响，如材料种类，级配，含水量，密度，碾压方式等，长期以来研究者们都力求寻找一种能够现场测试岩土材料力学特性的简便可靠的方法。&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶
填方工程所用的材料主要是岩土类材料，主要包括碎石、砂质土、粘质土以及水泥稳定土等材料，具有天然性、多样性、复杂性等特性。其中，材料的变形特性决定了其沉降特性，对于高速铁路、高速公路这样的长、大工程显得尤为重要。美国联邦高速公路管理局（Federal Highway Administration，FHA）就曾指出，“如果每层覆盖层的平均刚度的不均匀性只减少25％，路面的寿命就会延长一倍”。可见，保证填筑材料的变形特性的均匀性，对提高道路的耐久性具有极其重要的意义。&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶
此外，填方工程具有较强的隐蔽性，一旦填筑到上层部位，其下层部位的质量就难以得到检测和监督，从而为一些不良业者提供了可乘之机。因此工程界一直期待着能在施工现场准确、直接、快速、方便的检测填土力学特性的有效方法。&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶
为此，研究者们作了大量的努力。现阶段我国路基施工技术规范中，现场路基填方工程质量的测试方法主要有承载板法、弯沉法、加州承载比(CBR)法、落锤弯沉仪(FWD: Falling Weight Deflectometer)法、挖坑灌砂法等，这些方法或需加载测试车，或需要牵引车牵引到位，或效率低且有损路基。同时，这些测试方法操作较复杂，技术要求高，耗时耗力，费用高，测试比较困难，且具有一定的危险性。因此，有必要研究一种快速可靠的路基质量测试方法。&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶
近年来，以手持式落锤弯沉仪（PFWD）和动态弹性模量测试仪（Evd）为代表的动荷载测试方法开始受到关注。其中Evd更被纳入《铁路工程土工试验规程》（TB 10102-2004），为提高工程施工质量管理水平起到了很大的作用。但是，这些方法也存在着不少问题，造成其测试精度、适用土质范围以及测试项目等方面都有较大的局限。&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶
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我们开发的落球式岩土材料力学特性测试仪（以下简称“落球检测”）基于Hertz冲击理论，可以快速、高精度地测试岩土材料的变形特性，能够大面积，全断面进行填土的施工质量监理，有效地杜绝偷工减料等不正行为，保证施工质量。同时，根据实时反馈信息，可以优化设计，以求得到技术性和经济性的最佳平衡，取得最优效果，具有巨大的社会效益和经济效益。为保证重大工程的建设质量有着非常重要的意义。&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

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   国内外路基施工质量主要检测项目和要求我们对主要发达国家，以及我国的交通和铁道系统对路基施工的主要检测项目进行了收集和对比：&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

表22-1 国内外路基施工质量检测项目&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

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可以看出路基压实质量检测指标大致可以分为三类：&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶
1）&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶
物理指标&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶
包括压实系数，相对密度、孔隙率和含气率等。其中，压实度使用历史最老、在所有调查的国家、行业均使用。&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶
2）&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶
强度（承载力）指标&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶
主要为（加州承载比）试验，分为室内和现场，以美、日为中心使用。在我国的交通行业，室内（材料）应用较广而现场则很少应用。&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶
3）&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶
变形（抗力）指标&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶
变形指标指地基系数或变形模量 。贝克曼弯沉也可认为是变形指标的一种。可以看出，各国都采用一定的方法以保证路基的变形特性。其中，欧美各国通常采用Evd、Ev2等动、静荷载试验相结合的方法，而日本则多采用。&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶
在我国，铁路行业普遍采用了、Evd、Ev2等变形测试方法：&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

表 2-22 我国高速铁路施工要求&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

位置&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

材料&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

评价标准&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

压实度&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

K30&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

（MPa/m）&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

动变形模量&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

Evd（MPa）&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

基床以下路堤&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

砂类土及细砾土&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

0.92&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

110&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

碎石类及粗砾土&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

0.92&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

130&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

无砟轨道&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

可采用Ev2，Ev2>45MPa，且Ev2/Ev1<2.6&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

基坑回填&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

30&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

过渡段基底&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

不限，路堤≤5m&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

40&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

不限，路堤<5m&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

30&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

基床表层下过渡段&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

级配碎石&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

0.95&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

150&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

50&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

基床表层下过渡段两侧&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

砂类土及细砾土&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

0.95&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

130&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

40&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

碎石类及粗砾土&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

0.95&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

150&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

40&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

基床底层&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

砂类土及细砾土&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

0.95&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

130&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

40&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

碎石类及粗砾土&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

0.95&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

150&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

40&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

无砟轨道&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶
可采用Ev2，Ev2>80MPa，且Ev2/Ev1<2.5&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

基床表层&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

级配碎石&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

0.97&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

190&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

55&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

无砟轨道&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶
可采用Ev2，Ev2>120MPa，且Ev2/Ev1<2.3&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

碎石垫层&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

填高<=3m&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

150&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

填高>3m&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

130&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶

&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶
发展趋势关于路基填筑质量的控制，多年来，国内外一直普遍采用以Proctor压实理论为基础的密度检测法进行检测，这是因为该法比较容易通过测定重量和体积得出，并且具有明确的物理意义。但就对路基的性能来说，仅用单一的密度指标难以反映出路基填方压实后的稳定与变形特性，而且对评价非均质土石填方压实质量也有其局限性。因此为了能真实地反映土体整体压实情况，保证压实填方具有较小的变形和足够抵抗变形的能力，以满足路基的使用要求。近些年来，对路基填方压实质量，开始逐步放弃传统的密度检测法，而是转为采用以变形控制为依椐的抗力检测法 。例如，Evd、FWD、平板载荷试验法……等等，并在实际工程应用中取得良好效果。&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶
目前，建筑工业正试图通过发展更精确地设计和更严谨地施工方法，在提高施工质量的同时亦能降低施工费用的需要。这就意味着用于设计的结构刚度和材料模量参数也必须是用来评价施工质量。这种趋势正逐步成为各国所关注的焦点。例如：在美国新发展的AASTHTO2002路面设计规范中不仅规定在设计中使用模量参数，而且极力推荐使用模量参数来评价施工质量。&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶
在我国也采用回弹模量作为道路的设计参数。&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶
根据施加荷载的方法，抗力检测法又可分为静载法和动载法。其中，以K30平板载荷试验为代表的静载法的应用历史最为悠久。但静载法普遍存在以下缺点：&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶
1）&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶
测点有限，难以评价整个铺设层的压实质量；&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶
2）&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶
测试手段上费时、费力，在一定程度上干扰和延误机械化施工。&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶
另一方面，动载法由于测试简便、费用低，正得到越来越多的重视和应用。&_(ï „0«bbs.3c3t.comé£:W°¥Ù°¶
最后编辑qiuqqwa2015 最后编辑于 2015-06-19 14:31:32
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