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发表于 2008-03-16 21:22 |只看楼主

高强混凝土配合比确定方法的探讨（转帖）

砼随着材料的开发及应用，砼组成材料由普通砼的水泥、砂、石、水四种发展为5～7种组成材料，使影响砼强度及工作性等的因素变得更复杂，这就为砼配合比的确定提出了新的要求.配合比的确定，关键是要保证砼满足施工、强度、耐久性、经济性四方面要求.在现行配合比设计规程JGJ/T55-96中，高强砼配合比确定方法基本上还采用普通砼的确定方法.但在实践中，该方法已显不足.ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%
ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%
1　现行的高强砼配合比确定方法ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%
　　高强砼配合比的确定现在基本是应用普通砼的确定方法.该方法是利用鲍罗公式及表格按强度及耐久性要求确定水灰比；按粘聚性要求确定砂率Sp；按流动性要求确定单位用水量W0；按经验确定外加剂掺量及掺合料用量；按以上确定参数计算初步配合比；然后进行试拌，按工作性好坏，对Sp、W0及外加剂等作适当调节；最后利用～f的线性关系进行强度调节确定配合比.这方法以其简单易行一直被人们所应用［2］.ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%
2　在普通砼及高强砼中，用料及配合比关键参数对性能的影响的差别［1～3］ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%
2.1　水灰比 ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%
　　1)在原材料一定的条件下，在普通砼中，对强度起决定性作用.因此，在确定时，除考虑耐久性外，主要由强度确定；而在高强砼中，除外，骨料含量、砂率、单位用水量等对强度也影响较为显著.ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%
　　2)在普通砼中，灰水比与砼强度f的关系为线性关系，在进行砼试配时，正是利用了此关系进行强度调整；而在高强砼中，当较小时，～f的线性关系反常.ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%
2.2　砂率Sp的影响ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%
　　在普通砼中，Sp对强度影响很少，对粘聚性影响十分显著，随着Sp增大，粘聚性变好.因此，在确定砼配合比时，没有考虑Sp对强度的影响，只是按施工操作要求的粘聚性确定Sp.在高强砼中，Sp对砼强度影响较大，试验表明，Sp减少，强度增加，Sp每减少1%，强度约增加1%；而Sp对粘聚性影响较小，原因是高强砼的较小，水泥用量大，且掺入大量的掺合料.本身粘聚性很好.ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%
2.3　骨料含量的影响ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%
　　骨料含量对普通砼强度影响很小，而对高强砼影响较为显著，影响程度仅次于 .试验表明，每减少0.01，强度增加3.5%～5%，愈小，强度增长率越大.而对强度的影响程度为每减0.02，强度增加6.5%～9%.ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%
2.4　单位用水量W0影响ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%
　　普通砼中，当流动性一定时，用水量基本恒定，且当一定时，用水量W0对强度影响甚少，因此，需水量主要按施工要求流动性确定；而在高强砼中，用水量的大小对强度影响较为显著，当一定时，W0愈少，强度愈高.试验表明，其影响程度与骨料含量对强度影响一致，当每m3砼减少5 kg水时，强度增加3.5%～5%.但是，W0受到外加剂的种类及掺量、混合料的种类及掺量、坍落度损失要求制约.ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%
2.5　外加剂的种类及用量的影响ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%
　　在高性能砼中，一般都加有外加剂.常加的有高效减水剂和缓凝剂.减水剂主要用来提高砼流动性，其掺量的大小与减水剂种类、投放时间、水灰比、水泥与骨料种类、数量及环境温度等因素有关，很难予先确定准确的掺量.太小，减水效果不显著；太多，超过减水剂饱和点，不但流动性不再增加，砼还会产生离析，影响砼质量，同时还增加成本.缓凝剂也有类似情况，掺量适中，有利于减少坍落度损失，保证砼的泵送性能；掺量太小，作用不大；太多，凝结时间过长，影响后续施工操作，同时会使砼长时间疏松不硬，强度严重下降.ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%
　　此外，水泥品种，掺合料的种类及掺量、骨料品种等对砼强度及工作性都有一定的影响.ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%
ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%
3　普通砼配合比确定方法在高强砼中应用已显不足ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%
　　从以上论述可见，由于材料品种繁多，性能各异，配合比中各参数对砼性能影响复杂.因此，高强砼中的各材料用量及各参数的取值很难象普通砼一样，予先确定一个具体值.因此，普通砼配合比确定方法在高强砼中应用已显不足.主要有以下几方面：ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%
　　1)只考虑对强度的影响，忽略其它参数或材料品种对强度的影响，得出的配比不经济.试验表明，同时考虑、Sp、W0及骨料含量对强度的影响进行配制砼，可显著提高砼强度及节约水泥，节约水泥12%～20%.；ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%
　　2)利用～f的线性关系进行强度调整，当较小时，得出的配比不准确；ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%
　　3)较难把砼强度，耐久性、工作性及经济性统一起来.在配合比设计时，虽然其也考虑这些内容，但它是孤立地考虑的，因而得出的配比不够合理；ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%
　　4)未有考虑各材料的特性及各材料之间的相互影响；ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%
　　5)较难适应多项要求的砼.如若同时要求砼满足强度、抗渗标号、坍落度、坍落度损失值、弹性模量及成本等目标，这种方法就显得无能为力.ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%
ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%
4　应用“正交—综合评定法”确定高强砼配合比ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%
4.1　正交—综合评定法：该方法是利用正交试验的原理按排试验，根据试验结果进行综合评定，找出满足各项工程要求的最佳配合比的方法.步骤及方法见4.3实例.ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%
4.2　正交—综合评定法优点：ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%
　　1) 在各材料及参数对砼性能的影响还不太清楚的情况下，它能很好地处理各材料、各参数之间的相互关系.它通过科学安排试验，利用其“整齐可比性”及“均衡搭配性”，通过分析试验结果，可得到优化的配合比.ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%
　　2) 它能把砼强度、耐久性；工作性及经济性统一；适应多目标要求的砼；所得的配比技术先进，经济合理.ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%
　　3) 通过试验数据的分析，可弄清各材料，各参数对砼强度、耐久性、工作性及经济性的影响趋势及其影响的主次关系，为施工管理、质量控制、成本管理提供依据.ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%
4.3　实　例：ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%
　　某工程，混凝土设计强度等级为C55，C60，采用泵送施工，坍落度要求150～180 mm.材料采用ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%
p.o 525水泥，Dm=20 mm碎石，中河砂，FDN高效减水剂掺量为0.5%～1.1%，缓凝剂为糖蜜，掺量为ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%
0.1%～0.3%.ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%
　　1) 明确试验解决问题及考核指标ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%
　　要解决的问题：提出满足施工要求，强度要求、耐久性要求及经济性要求的配合比.ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%
　　考核指标：C55砼强度≥65 MPa,C60砼强度≥69 MPa，入泵坍落度S=150～180 mm，30 min后坍落度≥120 mm，成本愈低愈好.ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%
　　2) 挑因素，选水平.选择的因素及因素水平如表1：ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%

表1　试验因素水平表ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%

ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%

水平ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(% ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%	A(水泥用量)ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(% (kg/m3)ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(% ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%	B(单位用水量)ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(% (kg/m3)ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(% ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%	C(砂　率)ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(% (%)ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(% ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%	D(缓凝剂)ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(% (%)ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(% ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%
1ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(% ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%	480ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(% ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%	170ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(% ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%	42ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(% ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%	0ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(% ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%
2ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(% ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%	510ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(% ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%	163ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(% ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%	38ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(% ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%	0.2ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(% ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%
3ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(% ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%	540ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(% ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%	156ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(% ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%	34ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(% ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%	0.3ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(% ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%

ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%

3)选择正交表：由于有4个因素，3种水平，故选择L9(34)正交表.ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%
　　4) 试验安排：根据已选定的因素、因素水平及正交表，试验安排如表2. ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%

表2　试验方案及结果表ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%

ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%

试验号ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(% ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%	因素ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(% ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%						试验结果ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(% ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%
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备注：FDN—高效减水剂；S—坍落度；△S—坍落度损失值；f—抗压强度；W—成本价.ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%

　　5)试拌：按试验安排中各试验号的参数计算试拌用料.试拌时，高效减水剂用量以使流动性S=150～180 mm确定.并把试验结果填于表2.ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%
　　6) 试验结果分析ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%
　　① 确定各因素对砼性能影响趋势及主次ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%
　　各因素、因素水平对砼强度、坍落度损失值、成本影响如表3.表3数据是表2同一因素同一水平结果的平均值.通过对极差进行分析，可得出各因素对以上结果影响的主次，极差愈大，影响愈大.各因素对砼强度影响趋势大小为A＞B＞C＞D,水泥用量、用水量，砂率大小对强度都有较大的影响；对坍落度损失值影响趋势大小为：D＞B＞A、C.缓凝剂掺量及用水量影响较显著；对成本的影响趋势大小为A＞B＞C＞D，影响最大的为水泥用量.以上分析有利于施工管理，质量管理及成本管理.ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%

表3　极差分析ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%

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因素ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%

强度/MPaò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%

坍落度损失值/mmò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%

成本/元.m-3ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%

1ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%

2ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%

3ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%

极差ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%

Δ 1ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%

Δ 2ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%

Δ 3ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%

极差ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%

1ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%

2ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%

3ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%

极差ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%

Aò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%

64.9ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%

68.2ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%

73.3ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%

8.37ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%

52ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%

55ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%

62ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%

10ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%

331.6ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%

352.7ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%

374.7ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%

43.1ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%

Bò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%

64.5ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%

69.1ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%

72.8ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%

8.3ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%

45ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%

60ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%

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　　② 确定最佳配合比ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%
　　直观法：在目标数较少或较易判别优劣时可用此法.如本试验，以满足工作性要求，强度要求的条件下，成本低的为优.所以C55,C60配比分别可定为4＃，7＃试验结果.ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%
　　综合评分法：当目标数较多或较难用直观法判别优劣时使用.步骤如下：第一，按各目标重要性程序不同，分别确定分值系数ki.如本试验，确定配比的原则为：在满足施工、强度要求的条件下，尽量节约材料，因此，强度，坍落度损失值、成本的分值系数ki分别取2，1，3.第二：评定各试验各目标得分：首先确定基本得分ai，再求该目标得分ki.ai.评定基本得分的方法为：若目标值不符合设计要求得0分；其余按优劣排列，分别得分为n，n-1…1.也可用跳跃式评分，以便把优劣拉开得分距离.第三：求各试验综合得分：把各试验各目标值得分相加.如7＃试验，坍落度损失值、强度、成本的基本得分ai分别为3、5、6.目标值得分为：ai .ki=3×1，5×2，6×3，综合评分为31分.第四步：确定最佳配比：综合得分高为优.然后按综合分高低排名次，当综合分相同时，以最重要目标为优者为优.本试验排次见表二、由表二得C55，C66配比分别为4＃及7＃试验结果.ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%
ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%
5　结束语ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%
　　从以上论述可见，用正交综合评分法确定高强砼配合比，可避免试验的盲目性.它特别适合多目标要求的砼，能使砼满足工程各项要求，并取得一定的经济效益. ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%

(责任编辑　张晓云)■ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%

作者简介：卢进亮(1962-),男,广西玉林人,广西大学土木建筑工程学院高级工程师.ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%
作者单位：卢进亮(广西大学土木建筑工程学院，广西　南宁　530004)ò5ï±'K°bbs.3c3t.comÊÐÐ9Ús(%

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